学会誌「高圧力の科学と技術」
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol.

Vol.9  No.1 (1999) Abstract


特集−高圧地球科学−
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,3-10(1999)
地球マントル中の水
Water in the Earth's Mantle
小野 重明
Shigeaki ONO
High-pressure experiments on the stability of hydrous minerals likely to be present in the Earth's mantle provide constraints on the distribution of water in the mantle, and the form in which it is stored. However, there has been confusion about compositions and structures between hydrous minerals. In regions of elevated mantle temperature, water may be stored not in hydrous minerals but in anhydrous minerals, melts, and fluids. Such water is important to understand the dynamics and evolution of the mantle, volcanism, and metasomatism. In this article, the state and migration of water in the mantle are reviewed.

[water, hydrous mineral, earth's mantle]
〒682-0193 鳥取県東伯郡三朝町山田827 岡山大学固体地球研究センター
Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior, Okayama University, 827 Yamada, Misasa, Tohaku, Tottori 682-0193



特集−高圧地球科学−
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,11-18(1999)
超高圧下における珪酸塩融体の物性
Physical Properties of Silicate Melt at High Pressure
鈴木 昭夫
Akio SUZUKI
In order to understand the magmatic process, a knowledge of the physical properties of silicate melt is required. Density and viscosity are especially fundamental properties, which control the migration of magmas and the separation of residual crystals. In this article, recent advances in the investigation of silicate melt at high pressure are reviewed.

[high pressure, multi anvil, silicate melt, magma, density, diamond, equation of state]
〒980-8578 仙台市青葉区荒巻字青葉 東北大学大学院理学研究科地学専攻地球物質科学講座
Institute of Mineraloby Petrology and Economic Geology, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578



特集−高圧地球科学−
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,19-25(1999)
下部マントルの流動特性
Rheological Properties of the Lower Mantle
山崎 大輔
Daisuke YAMAZAKI
The earth's lower mantle is mainly composed of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowutite. It is essential to determine the rheological properties of MgSiO3 perovskite and periclase for understanding the rheology of the lower mantle. High pressure and temperature experiments were carried out under lower mantle conditions to determine their rheological properties. The grain growth rates of perovskite and periclase were determined to be G10.6 [m] = 1×10-57.4t [sec] exp(-320.8 [kJ/mol] /RT) and G10.8 [m] = 1×10-62.3t [sec] exp(-247.0 [kJ/mol] /RT), respectively, where G is grain size at time t, R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. The lattice diffusion coefficient (Dl) and grain boundary diffusion coefficient (Dgb) of silicon in MgSiO3 perovskite were determined at 25 GPa and 1673-2073 K to be Dl [m2/sec] = 3.76×10-10exp(-338 [kJ/mol] /RT) and dDgb [m3/sec] = 1.02×10-16exp(-303 [kJ/mol] /RT), respectively, where δ is the width of the grain boundary. The grain size of perovskite in the lower mantle is estimated to be 1-10 mm, which suggests diffusion creep (Nabarro-Herring creep) as a dominant deformation mechanism in the greater part of the lower mantle. The present results indicate that the subducting slab is much softer than the surrounding lower mantle due to the slow grain growth rate.

[MgSiO3 perovskite, grain-size, grain growth, silicon-diffusion, lower mantle, rheology, viscosity]
〒113-0033 東京都文京区本郷7-3-1 東京大学理学部地質学教室(現在: 米国ミネソタ大学)
Geological Institute, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (Now at: University of Minnesota, USA)



特集−高圧地球科学−
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,26-33(1999)
地球内部における相転移のカイネティクス
Transformation Kinetics in the Earth's Interior
久保 友明
Tomoaki KUBO
Transformations of mantle minerals have a great effect on the dynamics of the descending oceanic plate through metastable reactions and changes in the microstructures of the transformed minerals. High pressure and temperature in situ X-ray observation experiments have been performed in order to reveal the mechanisms and kinetics of the olivine-spinel transformation. In the interior of cold slabs, the depth of transformation of olivine mainly depends on the growth rate of spinel. The determination of the growth rate suggests that olivine survives metastably at a depth of〜600km in cold slabs. Water, strain energy due to the transformation, and intracrystalline transformation have significant effects on both the depth and width of the field of metastable olivine.

[olivine-spinel transformation, transformation mechanisms, transformation kinetics, subducting slab]
〒980-8578 仙台市青葉区荒巻字青葉東北大学大学院理学研究科地球物質科学科
Institute of Mineralogy, Petrology, and Economic Geology, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578



特集−高圧地球科学−
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,34-42(1999)
X線その場観察法によるマントル鉱物相転移境界の決定
Determination of the Phase Boundaries of Mantle Minerals using in situ X-ray Diffraction Technique
西山 宣正 入舩 徹男
Norimasa NISHIYAMA Tetsuo IRIFUNE
In situ X-ray diffraction technique has been successfully used to determine the phase transition pressures of mantle minerals at high pressure and high temperature. This technique has an advantage in accurate estimation of pressure using internal pressure standards such as NaCl, Au, and MgO, as well as the simultaneous identification of the phases present at high temperature and high pressure. This paper reviews these studies which attempted to determine the phase boundaries based on in situ X-ray diffraction measurements, including our recent results obtained at the new synchrotron facility, SPring-8. Some technical problems inherent to this technique are discussed on the basis of these currently available experimental data.

[ In situ X-ray observation, phase boundary, pressure determination, mantle minerals]
〒790-8577 松山市文京町2-5 愛媛大学理学部生物地球圏科学科
Department of Earth Science, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577



特集−高圧地球科学−
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,43-50(1999)
レーザー加熱ダイヤモンドアンビルセルと地球惑星科学への応用
Laser Heated Diamond Anvil Cell and its Application to Earth and Planetary Science
近藤 忠 八木 健彦 向出 大平*
Tadashi KONDO Takehiko YAGI Taihei MUKAIDE
Recent advances in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell technique were reported in this article. The details of the double-sided laser heating system and the sample assembly were discussed to realize stable heating for a long duration and a reduction of the temperature gradient in the diamond anvil cell. Several experimental techniques for in situ X-ray observation were reviewed also. Phase relations of synthetic and natural garnets under lower mantle conditions were investigated using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron radiation.

[DAC, laser heating, in situ X-ray observation, analytical transmission electron microscopy, phase transition, garnet, Earth's lower mantle]
〒106-8666 東京都港区六本木 7-22-1 東京大学物性研究所
Institute for Solid State Physics, Univ. of Tokyo, 7-22-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8666
*〒112-8551 東京都文京区春日 1-13-27 中央大学理工学部
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551



特集−高圧地球科学−
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,51-58(1999)
高圧下の超音波音速測定法と新しいデータ解析法
Recent Studies on Ultrasonic Measurements under High Pressure and a New Analytical Methodology for Ultrasonic Velocity Data at Simultaneous High Pressure and High Temperature
米田 明
Akira YONEDA
Basic techniques for ultrasonic measurements are discussed with emphasis placed on accuracy of sound velocity. Recent ultrasonic studies under high pressure are briefly reviewed, and a new analytical methodology called the complete thermodynamic equation of state is introduced. The potential of the method is demonstrated by analyzing a synthetic model data set. The results suggest that the method can be used to constrain thermodynamic parameters, such as heat capacity and thermal expansivity, up to pressures of the core-mantle boundary using experimental data collected only up to 10 Gpa.

[high pressure, high temperature, acoustics, elasticity, ultrasonic, complete thermodynamic equation of state, pressure scale, GHz interferometry]
〒682-0193鳥取県東伯郡三朝町山田827岡山大学固体地球研究センター
Institute for Study of the Earth Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193



トピックス
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,59-64(1999)
水に二状態が存在する!?
AreThereTwo Liquid Phases in Water!?
三島 修
Osamu MISHIMA
Water has two amorphous solid states at low temperatures: the low-density and high-density amorphous ices. These two amorphous solids may be related to liquid water at high temperatures. We review experiments and simulations on liquid and amorphous solid water, and discuss the possibility of the existence of a liquid-liquid phase transition in supercooled water.

[liquid water, amorphous ice, liquid-liquid transition, critical phenomenon, polyamorphism]
〒305-0044 つくば市並木1-1 無機材質研究所
National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044



解説
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,65-70(1999)
IP式粉末X線回折像解析プログラム
An X-ray Powder Pattern Analysis Program for Imaging Plate
藤久裕司
Hiroshi FUJIHISA
An x-ray powder diffraction technique with an imaging plate area detector is now widely used in various experimental fields including high pressure research. We developed a computer program named PIP capable of converting two-dimensional powder image to one-dimensional pattern. An aim of this program is to prepare easily, quickly, and user friendly one-dimensional diffraction patterns available for structure analysis such as Rietveld method. In this report, we answer some questions about PIP frequently asked by users.

[DAC, imaging plate, x-ray powder diffraction, high pressure]
〒305-8565 茨城県つくば市東1-1 物質工学工業技術研究所極限反応部
National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research, 1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565



研究の最前線から
Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol. 9-1,71-76(1999)
SPring-8の高圧地球科学への利用
High Pressure Mineral Physics Study at SPring-8
浦川 啓
Satoru URAKAWA
This paper describes the high pressure mineral physics research at SPring-8, the new third -generation synchrotron radiation facility in Hyogo, Japan. SPring-8 has four experimental stations with several pressure apparatuses for high pressure research. These facilities are open to independent researchers, and various kinds of high pressure experiments are currently being conducted and planned to reveal the physical and chemical properties of the Earth and the planetary interiors.

[SPring-8, synchrotron radiation, phase transition, equation of state, crystallography, rheology, XAFS , viscosity, density]
〒700-8530 岡山市津島中3-1-1 岡山大学理学部地球科学科
Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima naka , Okayama 700-8530




〒606-0805
京都市左京区下鴨森本町 15 (財)生産開発科学研究所内
日本高圧力学会事務局
Tel (075)721-0376 Fax (075)723-9629
koatsu@mbox.kyoto-inet.or.jp